Questions on Macro Economics Essay Example

Questions on Macro Economics Essay Que According to the Keynesian view of money, there are three reasons why people hold money. Briefly describe the three (3) motives for holding money and the main determinants of each of these money balances. (15/15) According to the Keynesian view of money, there are three motives for holding money. These motives are transactionary motives, precautionary and speculative motive. Transactionary motive This is the demand for money as a medium of exchange. Money is needed for day to day expenses or day to day purchases of goods and services. Money is exchanged for goods and services that cater for the needs and wants of customers. The goods might involve the most basic ones such as food, water and shelter as well as clothing. Precautionary motive Money as a store of value can be used to cater for uncertainties. People desire money to cater for these uncertainties that might impact on their lives. Unexpected disasters such as death, floods, hailstorms and so on may increase the demand to hold money as a precaution. However certain economic conditions such as the rate of inflation may have special implications on the demand for money for precautionary motives. We will write a custom essay sample on Questions on Macro Economics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Questions on Macro Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Questions on Macro Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If the interest rate is too high, the demand for money for precautionary motives increases. Speculative motive Money as a store of value can be demand as an outcome of speculation or expectations. Speculation has serious impacts on liquidity preference. The liquidity preference can be determined by several variables such as the rate of inflation and interest rate. If individuals or households for example expect a sharp increase in the price of commodities, the demand for money as a speculative motive decreases as the fear that the value of their money will be lost as a result of inflation. If people expect a sharp decrease in the price of commodities, the demand to hold money will increase as they know that, they will be able to buy more.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 4 of 22 The demand to hold money as a transactionary motive is known as active balance. Money held for precautionary and speculative motive is known as idle balance. In general there is an inverse relationship between holding money as idle balance and interest rate. The higher the interest rate the greater the liquidity preference or demand for money for precautionary and speculative motive. . 2 List the three (3) main injections into the circular flow of income and spending and two (2) leakages from the circular flow of income and spending. (5/5) Injections into the circular flow are: a. Payments made by the foreign sector to the country for exports. b. Investments by foreign firms into a country. c. Government subsidies and payments for goods and services. Lea kages from the circular flow of income and spending are: a. Payments for imports to the foreign sector. b. Payment of taxed to the government. QUESTION 3 [20/20] 3. Keynesian Theory emphasised an active role for government in maintaining the full employment level of national incomes. An economy free of government intervention could not ensure a sufficient level of demand. If, however, government adjusted the level of injections and withdrawals, the level of economic activity could be controlled through the multiplier effect. Briefly describe what is meant by the multiplier effect. (5/5) The multiplier effect refers to changes in national or equilibrium income or output resulting from changes if expenditure components. The result is always a multiple of the expenditure, which implies that the result is always higher that the initial charge in other words it is a multiple of the initial charge. A change in injection, say consumption (C), investment (I), Government expenditure (G) and exports (X) results in a bigger change on the level of national output or income. The multiplier works on the portion of the injection that is channelled into the circular flow. If therefore is affected by such withdrawals as savings, taxes and imports. In an open economy, the multiplier is given by the following formula: 1 1 – C (1 – t) tm Where c, t and m represent the propensities to consumer and import which are withdrawals from the circular flow. 3. 2 Explain using an AS/AD diagram, the impact of an increase in productivity without an increase in remuneration on the aggregate demand and supply curves. Please ensure that you show all labelling on your graph. (15/15)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 5 of 22 The impact of an increase in productivity without an increase in remuneration on AD and AS curves. AD1 AD E2 Price P P2 P0 P1 E0 E1 AS AS1 AS AD1 AS1 AD Y 0 Y0 Y1 Y2 Total Output Y From the figure above, the original price is P0 and the national income is equivalent to Y0. The economy is in equilibrium at E0. An increase in productivity shifts the aggregate supply curve to the right from AS to AS1. With the new supply curve, the equilibrium shifts to E1 at a price P1 and income Y1. Thus an increase in productivity reduces the price down to P1 and increases national income to Y1 from Y0. If there was an increase in remuneration this would have shifted the aggregate demand curve to AD, AD1 and increased the average price with a resultant higher output. QUESTION 4 4. 1 [20/20] Briefly discuss the problems facing less developed countries which explain why, as a group, LDCs tend to be poorer than developed countries. (15/15) LDC’s generally have a much higher population growth than Developed countries. Rapid population growth can create problems because new jobs have to be created in order to accommodate the increase in the labour force. If this cannot be achieved then unemployment will increase and this will also have an impact on the quality of the wellbeing of the society as well as pressure on  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 6 of 22 education and health services lacking in quality and quantity. The other problem faced by LDC’s is that the quality of the labour force tends to be low. A large number of LDC’s don’t have access to natural resources such as mineral deposits, energy sources and agricultural land for example in the tropics where the climate is not favourable for farming and in these areas crops and livestock diseases are common. Those with the mineral deposits may not be in the position to get access to capital in order for them to extract these minerals. Most LDC’s use traditional methods of farming and land ownership systems as a result of this agricultural productivity are very low. In some societies the land is owned by the community and not by the individuals therefore and person may not be motivated to protect or improve the soil since others will benefit without having to bear a cost. Agricultural development is therefore impeded. The other problem that LDC’s face is that their infrastructure is generally poorly developed. Power generation systems, roads, communication systems as well as housing facilities are lacking. This tends to affect access to the markets and also this makes it hard for firms in these countries to exploit economies of scale in the same way that those firms in developed countries do. There is also the problem of critical shortage of capital goods and access to finance in order to promote economic development. LDC’s do not have their own capital goods industries and they have to import them, and this will bring about another problem of shortage of foreign currency. LDC’s rely on foreign aid, foreign loans and foreign direct investments to purchase capital goods. 4. Name the four (4) key market-oriented policy instruments through which monetary policy is conducted in South Africa. (5/5) The four policy instruments are accommodation policy, open market policy, intervention in foreign exchange markets and public debt management. QUESTION 5 5. 1 [20/20] The South African Reserve Bank uses three different measures of the quantity of money, namely M1, M2 and M3. Explain what these measures (M1, M2 and M3) consist of. (6/6) M1 refers to all notes and coins in circulation as well as all demand deposits. M2 refers to M1 and also includes short to medium term deposits. M3 is made up of M1 and M2 and also includes all long term deposits. 5. 2 Use demand and supply analysis to graphically illustrate and explain the economic impact of an import tariff on a good such as textiles. Your graph and explanation must show the situation in the absence of international trade and after the economy is opened up to international trade. (11/11) The graph below illustrates the economic impact of an import tariff on a good such as textiles:  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 7 of 22 P AD AS Price P0 E0 Pt SW Pw AS 0 Q1 Q2 Q0 Q4 Q5 AD Q QUANTITY 5. 3. List three (3) components of the balance of payments. (3/3) In the absence of international trade in the textile market, aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) are at equilibrium at E0, where price is P0 and quantity is Q0. The economy is opened up to international trade. The world supply of textiles is now reflected by SW. this is a horizontal supply curve that reflects that at the world price of Pw, an unlimited quantity of textiles is available for supply. This is a large decrease in price from the equilibrium price of P0. At the world price of Pw, the domestic suppliers are only able and willing to supply a quantity of Q1, however the domestic demand at Pn is for Q5. Thus at Pw, the domestic suppliers will supply a quantity of Q1, however the domestic demand at Pn is for Q5. Thus at Pw, the domestic suppliers will supply a quantity at Q1 whilst the remaining quantity demanded (Q5 – Q1) will be imported into the country from the international market. This will result in the domestic textile industry being severely affected as companies shut down and people loose their jobs. EXAM TOTAL: 100 IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 8 of 22 MACROECONOMICS (MAC) ECONOMICS 1 (ECO101) 30 MAY 2012 Answer ANY FIVE (5) questions QUESTION 1 1. 1. 1 Study the following Lorentz curve and then answer the questions: [20/20] i. What does the Lorentz curve illustrate? (3/3) The Lorentz curve illustrates the degree of inequality in the distribution of income in a population. What does line OB represent? Perfect equality in the distribution of income. Which line is the Lorentz curve? The line that runs from 0 through a, b, c, d to B. What is the shaded area called? The area of inequality. (2/2) ii. iii. (2/2) iv. (2/2) v. Where will you find the greatest possible inequality? (2/2) This is where only one individual or household earns the entire income. This would be illustrated by a line running from 0 to A to B. With reference to the Lorentz curve above, how is the Gini coefficient calculated? (2/2) Gini coefficient would be calculated by dividing the area of the Lorentz curve (0, a, b, c, d, B) by the area of the right-angled triangle 0AB. When will the Gini coefficient be zero? When there is perfect equality in the distribution of income (OB). 1/1) vi. vii. viii. When will the Gini coefficient be one?  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing (1/1) Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 9 of 22 When there is there is the greatest possible inequality total income accrues to one individual or household (line running from 0 to A to B) 1. 2 List five (5) causes of cost-push inflation. Increase in profit margins. Increase in the price of other inputs e. g. imported oil or capital goods. Wage and salary increase unaccompanied by an increase in productivity. Decrease in productivity. Deteriorations in the weather. 20/20] (5/5) QUESTION 2 2. 1 Which of the following are changes in injections and which are changes in withdrawals in South Africa’s circular flow of income? In each case, specify whether the change is an increase or decrease ceteris paribus. i. The local council funds a new metro project for the city. Change in injection Increase ceteris paribus. The government raises tax allowances. Change in withdrawal Decrease ceteris paribus. (2/2) ii. (2/2) iii. A leading South African company wins a major overseas contract. (2/2) Change in injection Increase ceteris paribus. Government reduces child benefits. Change in withdrawal Decrease ceteris paribus. (2/2) iv. v. Depreciation in the exchange rate affects the popularity of holidays abroad. (2/2) Change in withdrawal Decreases ceteris paribus. 2. 2 The South African Reserve Bank regards financial stability as its most important objective. Identify and discuss two areas where the South African Reserve Bank plays a pivotal role in pursuit of this objective. (10/10) Financial Stability ? Bank notes and coins The SA Reserve Bank issues, destroys, prints produces bank notes and coins. The mint company produces coins and the note company prints the  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 10 of 22 notes. It is done according to the demand of money needed to circulate in the economy. ? ? ? ? ? ? Supervision (Bank). The SA Reserve Bank issues licenses to other banks. The SA Reserve Bank has the responsibility to make sure other banks function correctly in the economy. Supervises and corrects other banks when needed. Offers liquidity to other banks. Acts as a clearing bank to other banks. [20/20] QUESTION 3 3. 1 The Aggregate Demand – Aggregate Supply model (AS/AD) is a guide for policymaking. Explain, using a AS/AD model, the effect on the Aggregate Demand (AD) as the result of an Expansionary Monetary and Fiscal Policy. First draw the diagram and then explain the effect on the Aggregate Demand (AD). (16/16) The diagram below shows the effects of Expansionary Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the AS/AD model. P ADI AS PRICE LEVEL P2 E1 P0 E0 AD AS AD ADI 0 Y1 Y2 TOTAL PRODUCTION, INCOME Y  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 11 of 22 Expansionary Monetary and Fiscal Policy entails the reduction in interest rates and increase in money supply. Increase in government expenditure or spending and lowering of taxes. By this, demand in the economy would have been increased, because participants in the economy have enough credits to spend hence prices of goods and services will increase. On the diagram, prior to the expansionary monetary and Fiscal policy production on the horizontal was of Y1, price level of P0 and equilibrium of E0. Due to Expansionary monetary and Fiscal policy production increased to Y2, price level to P2 and new equilibrium to E1. The Aggregate demand curve has shifted to the right to ADI and the AS supply curve remains as it is, no effect. 3. 2 Identify four (4) types of unemployment. Four types of unemployment: Cyclical unemployment Seasonal unemployment Structural unemployment Frictional unemployment (4/4) QUESTION 4 4. 1 Distinguish between the following: i. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [20/20] (4/4) GDP equation GDP = C + I + G + (x-z) It excludes imports. GDP is the total value of production within the boundaries of the country. ii. Gross Domestic Expenditure (GDE) (3/3) GDE = C + I + G Excludes exports. GDE is equal to GDP at market prices. GDE is the total value of goods and services in the boundaries of the country. iii. Gross National Income (GNI) GNI = Primary income receipts. Primary income payments. GNI measures the standard of living. GNI = GNP 4. 2 In a system of market-determined exchange rate, how would the following affect the price of the rand in terms of the dollar? Explain your answer in terms of whether there is a shift in the demand or supply curves (or both) and which way the curve(s) shifts. (3/3)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 12 of 22 i. More capital goods are imported from China. 2/2) Demand curve shifts to the right, supply curve remains the same, Rand depreciates against the dollar. Net investments in South Africa increase. (2/2) Demand curve shifts to the right, supply curve shifts to the right, Rand appreciates against the dollar. Speculators believe the exchange rate will fall. (2/2) Demand curve shifts to the right, supply curve shifts to the left, th e Rand depreciates against the dollar. Interest rates in South Africa fall relative to those abroad. (2/2) The demand curve shifts to the left, supply curve stays the same the Rand depreciates against the dollar. South Africa experiences a high rate of inflation. (2/2) The demand curve shifts right, the supply curve shifts left the rand depreciates against the dollar. [20/20] ii. iii. iv. v. QUESTION 5 5. 1 The relationship between household expenditure and income is called the consumption function. Graphically illustrate the consumption function and describe three (3) important features of the consumption function. (11/11) The diagram below illustrates the consumption function: TOTAL SPENDING C2 C C1 C Y C Y 0 INCOME In the diagram above it illustrates that an increase in income will result in an increase in total spending. Although there is an increase in total spending, the increase in total spending is less than the increase in  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Y4 Y5 Page 13 of 22 income. Spending or consumption will not begin at zero because our consumption function which is C is slightly above zero. 5. 2 List the five (5) macroeconomic objectives. Five macroeconomic objectives are as follows: Full employment. Economic growth Stability in price Balance of payment Equitable distribution of income 5. 3 Briefly explain the ‘Consumer Price Index’ (CPI). (4/4) (5/5) Consumer Price Index is defined as the price index of the basket with goods and services of consumers. Consumer Price Index is used to measure inflation rate usually on an annual basis. Consumer Price Index is calculated by selecting goods and services that is expected to be consumed by average consumers in an economy. In the Consumer Price Index the importance of goods and services is determined by the weight allocated to each good and service in the basket. QUESTION 6 6. 1 Draw a figure explaining a typical business cycle. [20/20] (8/8) Economic activity + B Peak (boom) (upswing) recovery recession (downswing) Time C A trough A business cycle consists of peaks and troughs.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 14 of 22 6. 2 At point A the through the economy will be in recession where the level of economic activity will be low, high inflation, no investments, high unemployment. At point B the peak caused by an upswing or when the economy rec overs from the recession the economic level of activities will be at its highest, low inflation, high investments, high productivity. It is usually called a boom. Also unemployment will be low. Then there is a downswing from the boom to recession and to the trough again. The cycle goes on and on. Suppose the price of a packet of 20 cigarettes is R12. 00. At this equilibrium price the quantity sold is 150 000 packets per week. Government now introduces an additional excise tax of R4. 00 per packet. Use the data to construct a graph to explain the effect of the introduction of this excise tax. First draw the graph and then explain the effect. Indicate the following on the graph and explain: i. ii. iii. The original equilibrium price and quantity The new equilibrium price and quantity The tax levied per packet 12/12)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 15 of 22 R Price of packet(R) S1 20 S1 D R4. 00 S 18 16 14. 40 14 E2 E0 12 E1 10. 40 10 S1 8 D 6 S 4 2 50 100 120 Quantity sold (in thousands) per week 150 200 At the beginning of a price of R12. 00 we are at equilibrium E0 with 150 000 packets being sold per week. With the introduction of an additional excise tax of R4. 00 per packet our supply curve moves to the left and cuts the demand curve of our new equilibrium E2 with price of R14. 40 and a quantity of 120 000 packets per week. The supplier will be able sell at a price of about R10. 40 with a quantity of 120 000 packets per week. The tax levied per packet is shown by the distance between E1 and E2 and is the additional excess tax of R4. 00. The supplier will make sale at a lower price from R12. 00 to R10. 40 which is R1. 60 less and the consumer will buy at a higher price of R14. 40 which is R2. 40 more. EXAM TOTAL: 100  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 16 of 22 MACROECONOMICS (MAC) ECONOMICS 1 (ECO101) 21 OCTOBER 2011 Answer ANY FIVE (5) questions QUESTION 1 1. [18/20] Discuss the circular flow of goods and services by drawing a diagram and then explaining this flow. (10/10) Firms Factors of production Goods and services Factor market Goods market Factors of production Goods and services Households From the above diagram we are able to see that households produce the factors of production, and sell them on the factor market. The factors of production are purchased fr om the factor market, by firms. Firms then take the factors of production, and turn them into goods and services, which are then sold on the goods market. Households then purchase the goods and services from the goods market for consumption. 1. 2 Name the most important total of the balance of payments. The balance of gold and foreign exchange reserves. 1. 3 Provide four (4) reasons for your answer in 1. 2 above. (6/8) (2/2) The balance of gold and foreign exchange reserves is the most important total because the answer is obtained by adding the two major accounts (current and financial account) together.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 17 of 22 This total shows the financial standing of a country compared to the rest of the world. The total depicts if the country is importing or exporting more. And the total allows us to see which areas, in terms of financial stability, on which we can improve. QUESTION 2 2. 1 On what basic idea did Keynes base his model? [20/20] (2/2) Keynes based his model on the basic idea that production and income are determined by aggregate spending. In other words aggregate spending drives total production and income in the economy thus A 2. 2 Y The consumption function is concerned with total spending in the economy. Give six (6) important factors that affect consumption. Consumption can be affected by the following factors: (6/6) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Wealth Interest rates Level of taxation Expectations Distribution of income Age distribution of population (2/2) 2. 3 What is meant by ‘prices are given’ in terms of this model? In terms of the Keynesian model when they say â€Å"prices are given† they mean that prices are set outside the model, they are not generated in the model. 2. 4 The aim of a simple Keynesian macroeconomic model is to explain how national income is determined. Describe five (5) assumptions upon which this model is based. 10/10) The simple Keynesian model is based on various assumptions of which the following may be discussed: Firstly, it assumes that the economy consist of households and firms only. These are the basic decision-making and production units only. The model also assumes that there is no government thus the local, regional and central government is not part of the simple Keynesian model. There is no f oreign sector. It assumes that it is a closed economy where there is no interaction with the rest of the world.  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 18 of 22 The forth assumption is that money supply and interest rates are given. The interest rates are determined outside the model. Therefore the model cannot influence the monetary sector operations. Lastly, the simple Keynesian model assumes that â€Å"prices are given†. All market prices are given and they are not generated in the model which implies that the model cannot be used to calculate the inflation rate. QUESTION 3 3. 1 [20/20] Explain the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and give the formula for the calculation thereof. (5/5) Gross Domestic Product is the total value of goods and service within the country. GDP is calculated by product, income and expenditure and excludes imports. GDP = C + 1 + G + (x – z) 3. 2 Explain the Gross Domestic Expenditure (GDE) and give the formula for the calculation thereof. (5/5) Gross Domestic Expenditure is the total value of spending on goods produced in the country. GDE is equal to GDP at market price. Excludes exports GDE = C + 1 + G 3. 3 Define the monetary policy. (2/2) Monetary policy can be defined as a measure of monetary authorities to influence quantity of money or interest. 3. 4 Give the four (4) key instruments used in the monetary policy. a. b. c. . Accommodation policy Open market policy Public debt management Intervention on foreign exchange rate [20/20] (2/2) (8/8) QUESTION 4 4. 1 When is a tax a general tax? A general tax is a tax levied on goods and services i. e. VAT. 4. 2 When is a tax a selective tax? A selective tax is a tax levied only on selected goods. i. e. alcohol. (2/2)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 19 of 22 4. 3 When is a tax proportional? (2/2) A proportional tax is when the tax paid (i. e. income tax) is proportional to the income earned. 4. 4 When is a tax progressive? (2/2) A progressive tax is a tax that increases as income increases (i. e. income tax). 4. 5 When is a tax regressive? A regressive tax is a tax which reduces as income increases (i. e. VAT) 4. 6 What type of tax is ‘Value Added Tax’ (VAT) and why? (2/2) (2/2) Value Added Tax is a general tax. It is levied on most goods and services. 4. 7 Assume a bottle of wine costs R45. 95 and the government raises the tax on wine by R4. 00 per bottle. Answer the following questions: a) What will happen to the consumption of wine in the country? (2/2) The consumption of wine will decrease due to a drop in demand caused by the higher price. ) Give the three (3) groups that will share the burden of this increase in tax. (6/6) Employer – the employer will receive less profit per bottle of wine. Employee – there will be less demand which will lead to a decrease in supply / production which can create less jobs or wage cuts. Consumer – the consumer will pay more for a bottle of wine due to inflation in the price. [20/20] QUESTION 5 Suppose the market is in equilibrium at an exchange rate of â‚ ¬11 and a quantity of 14 billion eurodollars a day. Suppose there is a decrease in the supply of eurodollars. 5. Draw a graph showing the original equilibrium position. (5/5)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 20 of 22 A decrease in the supply of eurodollars D â‚ ¬ S1 14 E1 S 12 Price of eurodollars (exchange rate) 11 E 8 6 4 D 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Q Quantity of eurodollars per day (billions) 5. 2 Then on the same graph, show the effect of the decrease in the supply of eurodollars. (5/5) Provide a brief explanation of the effect shown in (5. 2). (10/10) 5. 3 Original supply curve at (SS), Demand at (DD) equilibrium at E (â‚ ¬11:14), price is at â‚ ¬11 and quantity at 14. The new supply curve at SS1, equilibrium at E1, price at 14 and quantity at 12. When price appreciates the quantity demanded depreciates, and it forms a new equilibrium at an exchange rate of â‚ ¬14 and a quantity of 12. The supply of eurodollars decreases. QUESTION 6 6. 1 [16/20] Draw a Philips curve which shows the relationship between inflation and unemployment. (7/8)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 Page 21 of 22 Figure 2 ^P P Inflation Rate (%) 5 A 2 B U -2 3 6 Unemployment Rate (%) Define the concept of ‘stagflation’. 6. 2 (2/2) Stagflation is the combination of an increased unemployment rate along with an increase in inflation. 6. 3 Draw a figure that shows the impact of ‘stagflation’ on the Philips curve. (8/8) Figure 3 ^P P 6 Inflation Rate (%) A 5 A U 4 Unemployment Rate (%)  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101 6 Page 22 of 22 6. 4 Give two (2) other factors which would cause the Philips curve to move in the same direction as the movement caused by ‘stagflation’. (1/2) Recession in a country. Production costs increase. EXAM TOTAL: 100  © IMM Graduate School of Marketing Good Answer Booklet MAC/ECO101

The balcony scene, Act 2 Scene 2, in Romeo Juliet Essay Example

The balcony scene, Act 2 Scene 2, in Romeo Juliet Essay Example The balcony scene, Act 2 Scene 2, in Romeo Juliet Paper The balcony scene, Act 2 Scene 2, in Romeo Juliet Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet The balcony scene, Act 2 Scene 2, in Romeo Juliet is considered to be the most famous, romantic scene in the history of theatre film. Discuss this scene how it is effective as a piece of drama, pay particular attention to the different attitudes of Romeo Juliet to their love to their predicament. William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is by far the most famous historic love story of all time. It has been studied and performed all over the world and has been adapted into many films. Famous directors such as Baz Lurhmann [1996] and Franco Zeffirelli [1968] have interpreted it and made numerous Hollywood productions. Also musicals such as West Side Story [1961] have been adapted from Romeo and Juliet to create modern, yet entertaining versions of this story. Still today, hundreds of years after it was written, the balcony scene is parodied in television adverts and sketches. It has become part of our culture; even people who are generally not familiar with any of Shakespeares other works know the reference to Romeo, Romeo wherefore art thou Romeo? I intend to focus this essay on how Act 2 Scene 2 is effective as a piece of drama firstly by analysing Romeo and Juliets different attitudes to love and their predicament and then by looking closely at the structure and language which Shakespeare uses. I will begin by discussing Romeo and Juliets different attitudes to love. It is immediately obvious in this scene that Romeo looks at love in a much less realistic way to Juliet. Romeos love is more magical in the way that he thinks he can overcome his difficulties, such as Juliets guards, with his faith and determination. With loves light wings did I oerperch these walls, For stony limits cannot hold love out. On the other hand Juliets views on love are very different to Romeos in that she is more down to earth. How camst thou hither, tell me, and wherefore? The orchard walls are high and hard to climb, And the place death, considering who thou art. At the beginning of the scene she is not willing to play games with him; this is maybe because she is shocked to see him in her orchard and is worried about his safety. If they do see thee, they will murder thee. At this point I do not think Juliet quite believes that Romeos love for her is real but as she comes to trust him she stops being so practical and enters into Romeos fantasies. My bounty is as boundless as the sea, My love as deep; the more I give to thee The more I have, for both are infinite. Shakespeare uses these two different attitudes to love to create dramatic tension rather than them both falling in love instantly. At the beginning of the scene Shakespeare uses the dramatic effect of having Romeo overhear what Juliet is saying about him and deciding not to let her know he is listening. Shall I hear more, or shall I speak at this? He uses this to create tension amongst the audience who wait for Juliet to speak indiscreetly, telling us her true thoughts as she would not if she knew she was being overheard. However, once she realises Romeo is there she changes her mind and her reluctance to admit that she loves him and his attempts to persuade her form the basis for the rest of this scene. Different contemporary directors have used this to create their concept of an ideal love scene. In a traditional version such as Zeffirellis he tries to make it seem more natural as if it is a conversation between two teenagers. He lights the scene with moonlight which plays on their faces allowing us to concentrate on their expressions as they discuss their emotions. In this version Romeo climbs up onto the balcony whereas in a later version by Baz Lurhmann Juliet comes down to him. This could be an indication that Zeffirelli saw Romeo as a more masculine character going out to get what he wants rather than waiting for Juliet to come to him. Lurhmanns whole approach is more stylistic and feminine. With fairy lights and a blue swimming pool into which they fall he looses much of the romanticism of the earlier version. Both directors stick fairly closely to Shakespeares language which is so well known that it would be difficult for them to change it. Romeos language in the Balcony Scene includes many references to objects or events usually connected with the sky and heavens for example light, sun, moon, stars, heaven, birds and bright angel. He also makes a number of references to things to do with vision for example wondring eyes, gaze, twinkle and brightness. The effect of this is to show us that he idolises Juliet as a heavenly angel or even a god. The overwhelming power of their love is emphasised by Shakespeares choice of phrases such as: Although I joy in thee, I have no joy of this contract tonight, It is too rash, too unadvised, to sudden. He uses this to the effect that their love is too powerful at this time to endure. Shakespeare chooses Romeos language to be flattering in parts of this scene as he attempts to woo Juliet and win her over. He uses language which is poetic and soft yet still masculine, so he is romantic but still a heroic man. Alack, their lies more peril in thine eyes Than twenty of their swords. Look thou but sweet, And I am proof against their enmity. In this scene Juliet appears to be a strong female character in that she does not allow Romeo to tell her what to do but makes up her own mind. As well as her attitude changing throughout the scene Juliets language also changes. She starts the scene being simple and practical, My ears have yet not drunk a hundred words Of thy tongues uttering, yet I know the sound. Art thou not Romeo, and a Montague? Her language then develops into being more sophisticated and less innocent, Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. This line is also pointing to the ending of the play which the audience already know the outcome of. Modern audiences know the ending because the story is so well known but in Elizabethan times they used to tell the audience the basic plot to help them follow it. The Elizabethan audiences enjoyed the use of puns in Shakespeares plays. He uses them throughout this play particularly with certain characters such as Mercutio, however, although there are not many puns in this scene Juliet does refer to: So stumblest on my counsel? which could refer to her plan which she was making to change Romeos name or to her secret the fact that she loves him. Metaphors are also used to great effect such as The mask of night is on my face. and similes such as My bounty is as boundless as the sea. In conclusion, my views on this scene are that it is the most romantic and poignant of all the scenes in this play. It is by far the most beautifully written scene and possibly one of the important in that this is the scene where they first admit their love to each other. If I had not read this scene before and had not known the outcome of it, it would have seemed extremely tense in that Romeo could get caught at any time by the guards or Juliets Nurse who could come out at any minute. One of the main points of the scene is the transition which Juliet goes through from her first cautious steps to her full commitment by the end. This scene is one of the most important in all English literature. It contains phrases which have become part of the English language; Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? What is in the name? That which we call a rose, By any other word would smell as sweet. Parting is such sweet sorrow. In this scene Shakespeare uses powerful imagery to convey to us the depth of the love of these two young people which we know will end so tragically, so soon.

Good News Club v. Milford Central School (1998)

Good News Club v. Milford Central School (1998) Can the government make public facilities available for non-religious groups while excluding religious groups - or at least those religious groups which want to use the facilities to evangelize, especially among young children? Fast Facts: Good News Club v. Milford Central School Case Argued: February 28, 2001Decision Issued:Â  June 11, 2001Petitioner: Good News ClubRespondent:Â   Milford Central SchoolKey Question: By excluding the Good News Club from meeting after hours at the school, did Milford Central School violate the First Amendment right to free speech, and if a violation did occur, was it justified by the district’s concern the Clubs activities might violate the Establishment Clause?Majority Decision: Justices Thomas, Rehnquist, Kennedy, Breyer, Scalia, and O’ConnorDissenting: Justices Stevens, Souter, and GinsburgRuling: The school district’s restriction did violate the Clubs free speech rights, and that no Establishment Clause concerns could justify such a violation. Background Information In August of 1992, the Milford Central School District adopted a policy allowing district residents to use school facilities for holding social, civic and recreational meetings and entertainment events and other uses pertaining to the welfare of the community, provided that such uses shall be nonexclusive and shall be open to the general public, and otherwise conformed to state laws. The policy expressly prohibited the use of school facilities for religious purposes and required that applicants certify that their proposed use complies with the policy: School premises shall not be used by any individual or organization for religious purposes. Those individuals and/or organizations wishing to use school facilities and/or grounds under this policy shall indicate on a Certificate Regarding Use of School Premises form provided by the District that any intended use of school premises is in accordance with this policy. The Good News Club is a community-based Christian youth organization open to children between the ages of six and twelve. The purported purpose of the Club is to instruct children in moral values from a Christian perspective. It is affiliated with an organization known as Child Evangelism Fellowship, which is dedicated to converting even the youngest children to their brand of conservative Christianity. The local Good News chapter in Milford requested use of school facilities for meetings, but was denied. After they appealed and requested a review, Superintendent McGruder and counsel determined that... ...the kinds of activities proposed to be engaged in by the Good News Club are not a discussion of secular subjects such as child rearing, development of character and development of morals from a religious perspective, but were in fact the equivalent of religious instruction itself. Court Decision The Second District Court upheld the schools refusal to allow the club to meet. The Good News Clubs sole argument was that the First Amendment dictates that the Club cannot constitutionally be excluded from use of the Milford Central School facilities. The Court, however, found in both law and precedence that restrictions on speech in a limited public forum will withstand First Amendment challenge if they are reasonable and viewpoint neutral. According to the Club, it was unreasonable for the school to argue that anyone might be confused to think that their presence and mission were endorsed by the school itself, but the Court rejected this argument, stating: In Bronx Household of Faith, we stated that it is a proper state function to decide the extent to which church and school should be separated in the context of the use of school premises. ...The activities of the Club clearly and intentionally communicate Christian beliefs by teaching and by prayer, and we think it eminently reasonable that the Milford school would not want to communicate to students of other faiths that they were less welcome than students who adhere to the Clubs teachings. This is especially so in view of the fact that those who attend the school are young and impressionable. As to the question of viewpoint neutrality, the Court rejected the argument that the Club was simply presenting moral instruction from a Christian viewpoint and that it should therefore be treated like others clubs which present moral instruction from other viewpoints. The Club offered examples of such organizations which are allowed to meet: Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and 4-H, but the Court did not agree that the groups were sufficiently similar. According to the Courts judgement, the activities of the Good News Club did not involve merely a religious perspective on the secular subject of morality. Instead, the Club meetings offered children an opportunity to pray with adults, to recite biblical verse, and to declare themselves saved. The Club argued that these practices were necessary because its viewpoint is that a relationship with God is necessary to make moral values meaningful. But, even if this were accepted, it was clear from the conduct of the meetings that the Good News Club went far beyond merely stating its viewpoint. On the contrary, the Club focused on teaching children how to cultivate their relationship with God through Jesus Christ: Under even the most restrictive and archaic definitions of religion, such subject matter is quintessentially religious. The Supreme Court reversed the above decision, finding that by allowing any other groups to meet at the same time, the school created a limited public forum. Because of this, the school is not permitted to exclude certain groups based upon their content or viewpoints: When Milford denied the Good News Club access to the schools limited public forum on the ground that the club was religious in nature, it discriminated against the club because of its religious viewpoint in violation of the free-speech clause of the First Amendment. Significance The Supreme Courts decision in this case ensured that when a school opens its doors to student and community groups, those doors must remain open even when those groups are religious in nature and that the government will not discriminate against religion. However, the Court provided no guidance to help school administrators in ensuring that students do not feel pressured to join religious groups and that students do not get the impression that religious groups are somehow endorsed by the state. The schools original decision to ask such a group to meet later seems, in light of that genuine interest, a reasonable precaution.

History of Transportation in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Transportation in America - Essay Example During this time period, transportation in America was initially slow, tedious, and difficult. There were limited choices of transportation and they were all exhausting. Variations on the horse and buggy were the most popular means of transportation, which was adequate for journeys across town, but not for longer trips. Longer trips were very costly as well as dangerous. Covered wagon crossings were notorious for their hazards yet did not deter the pioneer spirit. The Civil war had both a positive and negative effect on transportation in America. Parts of the country - most notably the South were in ruins, and many citizens were bankrupted by the war and thus unable to travel. The B&O railroad suffered severely during Confederate raids. In one summer alone, Stonewall Jackson made off with fourteen locomotives. (Stover 1970) However many advancements were made in the name of warfare including a larger transportation system that was previously used to help move troops. With the development of the transcontinental railroad, and the final meeting of the two lines in 1869 transportation became more significantly easier. The project was originally established in the Pacific Railway Act of 1862. It quickly surpassed the former means of travel such as stagecoach lines and wagon trains. The achievement of a uniform gauge for the railroad tracks greatly assisted in the development of the transcontinental railroad. (Stover 1970) Also of note was the development of a uniform time zone system, allowing the trains to arrive and depart on a agreed upon schedule. (Stover 1970) The outcome of these advances led to drastic changes in the landscape of the country. The far reaches of the country were now reachable with a little bit of time and money. What would have previously taken months, and a significant risk and investment was now accessible for $65 and a 7 day train ride. (Stover 1970) Unit 2 1877-1920 Transportation in the time period between 1877-1920 was a fast paced race to development. Advancements in railroads continued, while the automobile, electric cable systems, and underground railway (subway) systems began their rapid growth. Socially speaking, Americans were now on the move with easier access to both personal and mass transit. Mass transit systems of electric cars became commonplace in the 1880's and 1890's, replacing the roads previously clogged with horses and buggies. (Carson 1999) The first underground subway system was built in Boston and opened in 1897. This allowed city dwellers to travel within their city with relative ease and comfort. Inter-city travel was still primarily by either train, or traveling along the mail route roads on some sort of horse-driven apparatus. People who resided further out in the country were still rather isolated as the only transportation accessible was the railways which usually ran only between larger cities with few stops in between. (Carson 1999) The railroads also catered to the wealthier clientele, leaving the common passenger looking for an alternative means of transportation. Then, the automobile arrived. The automobile is a four-wheeled vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. It was the result of a series of inventions which began in 1769 with Cugnot's steam-powered road vehicle. A breakthrough in

Critically assess the International Organisation structure to promote Essay

Critically assess the International Organisation structure to promote global security - Essay Example Such measures include the diplomatic agreements and military actions. National and international securities are interlinked, in which international security represents national security in a global arena. The study on international security emerged after the end of the World War II, and since then, international security study has been incorporated in studies on international relations. Security is considered as a common sense term understood only through unacknowledged consensus. Over the years, content on international security has developed to include the conventional or traditional modes of the military power, economic strength, the war consequences between nations, religious and ideological conflicts, the energy supplies, human security, science and technology and stability of states against environmental degradation among others (Buzan & Lene 2007, p.89). The global security comprises of five dimensions, which are interrelated. The multi-dimensional structure of global security comprise of human, national, transnational, environmental and trans-cultural security. The global security cannot be obtained without good governance at every level. Human security guarantees the human dignity for the global security. This protects individuals from inequality, humiliation and the double standards. The environmental security protects and enhances the environmental concerns. The national security entails global justice and the national capabilities in promoting peace. The transnational security protects against threats to transnational and multilateral cooperation for natural and man-made disasters. The trans-cultural security protects the different cultural groups against discrimination and humiliation by avoiding stereotyping through media, entertainment industry, and educational materials. The apparent differences in norms, value systems and ideals should be modified in such a way

Hearing Impairment and Specific Communication Needs Essay Example for Free

Hearing Impairment and Specific Communication Needs Essay In the table below list features in the environment that may help or hinder communication. Then describe in detail how these features may help or hinder communication. Features in the environment How may this help or hinder communication? Lighting People with a hearing or sight impairment need good lighting as they may need to be able to see your face features to see what you are saying to them. (Reading lips). Distractions People would not be able to hear you if you are in a busy and noisy area. For example; if you have a few friends and everyone is talking at once the person who can’t hear well won’t be able to hear the conversation. Positioning You need to be facing each other so you can read the other persons facial expression and body language. To help understand what they are saying to you. Barriers Barriers block are view of the other person and it can impair on us understanding and hearing the person. You can also feel uneasy. For example; when you go to the bank and you have a separated glass in between you. Space You don’t want someone to be too close to you as you would feel uncomfortable and uneasy. We need to feel comfortable with the other person to communicate well. 1. 4 In the table below list and describe the reasons why an individual may have specific communication needs. Then identify a Learning difficulties like down syndrome will have an effect on people’s communication because it can impair the hearing and speech. They can find it hard to form certain words which are hard for others to understand. They also make their own way to communicate to others. Depending on how much their disability takes over them. Physical disability such as Cerebral palsy which is damage to the brain can compare someone’s hearing and speech it all depends on what areas of the brain have been damaged. Also other physical disabilities affect the body such as loss of head control or facial muscle which is making it hard to communicate to others or for them to understand. A mental health condition like dementia is hard to communicate with because they may start to hallucinate and see things that we cannot. We have to remind them of certain things as their short term or long term memory has been affected. They may start to not understand what we are saying because they have forgotten what certain words mean. Hearing loss affects people’s communication because some people can be completely deaf also some people can be slightly hard of hearing. Either way to communicate with others is hard they need to see and face the person they are talking to so they can read lips or watch your body language. People who have lost their hearing in later life will find it harder to adjust as they have always relied on their hearing to communicate. Others that could have been born with deafness they would feel that they haven’t lost something but would have learned new ways of communication such as sign language. Sight difficulties have a huge impact on people’s lives because you are missing out on a lot of communication such as people’s body language to get the full effect of communication. When we lose are sight at a later stage in life it is hard to accept and can sometimes stop people wanting to learn new communication skills. Deaf and blindness is a major concern as they have lost most ways of communicating. They can feel and touch but they haven’t any more senses then that. Social development is important as it is everyday life from when we are growing from child to adult. We need to socially interact with people as this is how we develop are communication skills. 1. 6 Describe the potential effects on an individual of having unmet communication needs The effect of unmet communication is that an individual can become withdrawn and have a low self-esteem or even depressed. Their behaviour can change and become angry and violent or even frustrated because they cannot communicate like everyone else. Also, if that individual does not have any support they may believe that they do not need to communicate on their views or debate on a conversation. They start to believe that there is no point in it anymore. Some individuals that have been born with communication difficulties as above and have grown will the impairment does not mean that they understand it or be able to cope with it. By not support these people we are denying them their rights and by doing this we are abusing them. 2. 3. How and when would you access information and support about identifying and addressing specific communication needs? We access information and support when we give others support in their lives as everyone is different and we need to know different techniques. Such as having photographs or pen and paper to communicate with people. When we look into peoples records we must follow correct policy and procedure. Keep confidentiality. If the information we need is not there then we look on the internet, books, journals and reports. When we support people we may need to work with other professionals. Such as; occupational therapists, psychiatrists and speech and language therapists etc.

monkeys :: essays research papers

I like monkeys. The pet store was selling them for 5Â ¢ a piece. I thought that odd since they were normally a couple thousand each. I decided not to look a gift horse in the mouth. I bought 200. I like monkeys. I took my 200 monkeys home. I have a big car. I let one drive. His name was Sigmund. He was retarded. In fact, none of them were really bright. They kept punching themselves in their genitals. I laughed. Then they punched my genitals. I stopped laughing. I herded them into my room. They didn't adapt very well to their new environment. They would screech, hurl themselves off of the couch at high speeds and slam into the wall.Although humorous at first, the spectacle lost its novelty halfway into its third hour. Two hours later I found out why all the monkeys were so inexpensive: they all died. No apparent reason. They all just sorta' dropped dead. Kinda' like when you buy a goldfish and it dies five hours later. Damn cheap monkeys. I didn't know what to do. There were 200 dead monkeys lying all over my room, on the bed, in the dresser, hanging from my bookcase. It looked like I had 200 throw rugs. I tried to flush one down the toilet. It didn't work. It got stuck. Then I had one dead, wet monkey and 199 dead, dry monkeys. I tried pretending that they were just stuffed animals. That worked for a while, that is until they began to decompose. It started to smell real bad. I had to pee but there was a dead monkey in the toilet and I didn't want to call the plumber. I was embarrassed.I tried to slow down the decomposition by freezing them. Unfortunately there was only enough room for two monkeys at a time so I had to change them every 30 seconds. I also had to eat all the food in the freezer so it didn't all go bad. I tried burning them. Little did I know my bed was flammable. I had to extinguish the fire. Then I had one dead, wet monkey in my toilet, two dead, frozen monkeys in my freezer, and 197 dead, charred monkeys in a pile on my bed. The odor wasn't improving. I beca me agitated at my inability to dispose of my monkeys and to use the bathroom.

The Accounting Equation

Accounting is founded on the basic equation that states a company’s Assets equal their total Liabilities plus their total Owner’s Equity . This equation is summarized as ALOE . This isthe basis of the Balance Sheet. Assets are the company’s furniture, fixtures and equipment, physical property, intellectual property and other resources. These properties include the physical land as well as the equipmentand building improvements on the property.A company’s liabilities are all of the obligations that the company has incurred. Thecompany has to service these liabilities by making payments on them. These payments may takethe form of cash income or may be sourced from loaned monies. If they borrow money, this is anadditional liability. Liability is â€Å"money owed; debts or pecuniary obligations† (Dictionary. com,2009). Liabilities offset assets in the equation that is the Balance Sheet.Owner’s Equity, also known as owner’s/shareholder†™s equity, is the final variable in theequation. When liabilities are subtracted from assets, the remaining balance is the owner’s equity. The term owner’s equity is used for privately owned companies. If the business is an incorporatedentity which issued common stock in exchange for a percentage of company ownership, then theowner’s equity is termed owner’s/shareholder’s equity.Cash, stocks and retained earnings are allowner’s/shareholder’s equity. E1-1 Urlacher Company provides the following accounting service tasks each year. Communication – Analysis and interpretation of financial data. Communication – Interpretation of meaning, uses and limits of financial data. Communication – Compiling a summary of financial events. Communication – Accounting report preparation. Recording – Maintaining a linear, chronological record of financial data.

Explain how the Bible shows god as a creator Essay

In the bible God is described as the creator of everything. This is accepted without being questioned rather than being a matter of discussion. The nature of God as creator is most clearly seen in passages from genesis and Psalms. God is described as the creator meaning he designed and produced everything. According to Christian tradition, God caused the Universe to exist, he is responsible for the Universe coming into existence and existing at every moment. God is also responsible for everything that will ever exist in the Universe. To understand why exactly God is considered as the creator of everything it is helpful to look at the concepts of good being omnipotence, omnipresent and omniscience. Omnipotence literally means that God is all powerful. No one is and will ever be more powerful than he is. Within this lies the idea that nothing logically possible is beyond the power of God. Even though miracles happened in the Bible it does not mean that God can make the impossible happe n like square circles. But it simply says that God is responsible for the way the universe works. Omnipresent is very easy to understand, it simply means that God is everywhere, and by implication in every moment. Finally, omniscience is the idea that God is all-knowing. There is nothing that happens in the universe physically, mentally or spiritually that God does not know. As he is just everywhere, Christians also say they have a relationship with God because he is always with them. They can trust and rely on him. Sometimes god is even seen as a craftsman. In the bible you will not find a guidance of how God created the world and on what exact date, but you will find an account of the way God is intimately involved in the making of all the living and non-living things of which the universe consists. How God made the world himself. The Bible also talks about the spirit of God how it moved through darkness before the earth existed. The Spirit of God is also translated as the breath of God and the moving as brooding. This gives the idea of good breathing life itself into our world and like a parent he was brooding over that life. He all did it himself, with love and passion he was involved in creating the universe. Like a parent God watched over us, wanted exactly us to be in this world and to be born. Exactly the way we are. It seems like he formed us, like a potter. We are crafted by God. Isabel Odenwà ¤lder ‘God is responsible for everything that happens in the universe’ The extent to which God is responsible for what happens in the universe is determined by the limitations of our belief in God’s omnipotence and omniscience. Defined, God’s omnipotence describes his limitless power; a concept which incorporates the belief that God has the power to control what is happening, God is responsible for everything that happens in the universe. His omniscience refers to his unlimited knowledge. God knows everything. You could argue that God is responsible for everything that happens in the universe because his omnipotence and omniscience is shown all through the bible. God created the univers because he wanted it to happen, he is omnipotent. But this also leads to a contradiction. If you accept that God knows everything, that he is responsible for everything that happens in the universe and that he loves us and we are having a relationship with him, then why would he a llow so many terrible things to happen in the world? As example in the creation story when god created the world and the human kind. God created the paradise, the world for us, gave us fruitful earth and wild animals. He created something beautiful. And it all happened after his will, he decided how trees would look like and how strawberries would taste. He gave Eve and Adam the best conditions for a good life. But Adam and Eve were not satisfied with what they had after a while. They wanted more. So eventually they ate an apple from the tree which they were not allowed to eat from. As soon as they did so, the paradise was not how it used to be. This part in the bible says that God gave us the world under best conditions everything was great but sometimes we make mistakes and wrong decisions, we act wrong. Sometimes humans are too selfish and greedy. The problem of most natural disasters is not the disaster itself but the fact that there is not enough help and money on site. But we could change that, we are responsible too for what is happening. We can always make a change! If we would life like God wants us to, we would not have any starving children in Africa or any other problems like that. God is not responsible for our very own actions. He is like a parent ‘brooding us’ he gave our mind with which we can think and act. The rest is up to us. In my opinion God is responsible  for the existing of our earth he is the reason why we live. If we need support and someone to talk to we can rely on him. But God gave us our minds to think, to make our own decisions. God have us our lives but he does not life them. We do.

Deborah-Leaders Essays

Deborah-Leaders Essays Deborah-Leaders Essay Deborah-Leaders Essay Essay Topic: The Namesake Biblical Servant Leadership Fall 2013 Dry. Martin Deborah From Judges, Chapters 4 and 5 I dont often think about leaders in the Bible, but when I do, I often think of the only woman Judge mentioned In scripture Deborah. She Is one to admire. This woman of God provides a picture of leadership quite out of the ordinary in the society of her time. Very few women in of that day rose to positions of Judge. There were powerful queens, but to be a Judge For a woman it could only mean God had ordained her to this position. Deborah stands out equally for her civic leadership, as for her spiritual dervish; exemplifying qualities we all should possess to lead today. In Deborah day, Israel had no king, no central leader to whom Israel looked. Judges describes these perilous times as In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did whatever he wanted During this time Israel found itself oppressed by Cabin, the Canniest king, and Sellers, the general of his army. Japans army was formidable. He had oppressed the people of Israel cruelly for nearly twenty years. This is the situation in which Deborah found herself. The narrative of Deborah in scripture calls how she led the Israelites against these fearsome Canniest. She received specific and distinct Instructions and directions from God so that He could deliver the Canniest into their hands. Guided by God, Deborah stood with Bark, urging and encouraging him to lead the armies of Israel to Mount Tabor in a full on assault of these cruel Canniest. Israel obediently followed Deborah as she followed Gods leadership and defeated Easier, the commander of the Canniest; enjoying an extended period of peace. Deborah might rightly be viewed as a true heroine of history. She was a multi-tasked working as a wife and mother, a prophetess and judge, a poet and singer, as well as a political and military leader. As prophetess, Deborah was In exclusive company. Only two other women In the Old Testament (Miriam, Exodus 15:20 and Hula, 2 Kings share this designation. As a judge, God gave her the authority to render civil court decisions with wisdom, prudence, and equity. As prophetess, God used her to deliver His messages to His people; she was careful not to voice her own words, but only Gods as she yielded herself to Him. My vision, as I imagine her, is not one of a cranky, sarcastic Judge Judy type. No, I see her as an honored mediator dispensing advice and counsel in the Spirit of the Lord. The discernment and assurance God gave to Deborah positioned her as one of the outstanding female leaders In history. Her wisdom and judgment were sought after. Judges says that At that time Deborah, a prophetess, wife of Lapidated, was judging Israel. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Raman and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim; and the Israelites came up to her for Judgment. From this vantage point of power and position, she knew that there were storms of battle constantly churning In the valley below. There was chaos and confusion. From that muck and mess, God caused a woman to rise up and lead this nation to the victory God would show her. She recruited the reluctant battle, she stepped up. Her answer was unhesitant and confidently assertive and forthright l will surely go with you; never theless, the road on which you are going will not lead to your glory, for the Lord will sell Easier into the hand of a woman. wish I could say that I am her namesake, but sadly no. However far from my mothers hopes in a name it may have been, the Lord has seen to it that I would share some attributes with Deborah. I feel a kinship with her and if I were a contemporary of Deborah, I would have wanted to hang out with her. She demonstrated such strength of faith and leadership. In many of the ways illustrated below she represents an ideal leader. I believe we can learn much from her by observing her leadership qualities. In verse 5, the people of Israel came to her. Daily she took her seat of Judgment, mediation and prophecy in the shade off palm tree. The people knew where to find her because she made herself available and approachable. From her station under the palm trees, her countenance shone with confidence in the Lord ND a sure word. She did not think herself to be above them, but created an atmosphere of welcome to all. Since leaders are most effective when they are servants, cultivating an environment where others can find counsel and guidance is important. It begins in the heart and is lived out via the value placed on those who would seek direction. Judges 4:6 confirms that Deborah knew God and spent time with Him. Deborah knew Gods word and held tightly to the confidence in Him to deliver it. This confidence, however, did not breed pride. Deborah remained humble, delivering Gods words, and not her own. Even before Palls admonishment that we must decrease but He must increase, she was wisely aware that any significance in her was really of the Lord. When the people of Israel grew too accustom to their neighbors and their gods, becoming too comfortable with the godless unrestrained living of the Canniest then Israel began to adjust to their culture, becoming prey to those who would seek to dominate them. Deborah, however, chose to listen to the true and living God; bending her will to His to redeem the Israelites from the hands of slavery. She was available to be used by Him and ailing to stand in rejection of the foolishness of false gods and worship of self. How would God not select her to lead Israel into victory? It was her confident trust in God that would encourage the troops to battle. It was Deborah resolute and unshakable confidence that drove the Israelites to snatch the victory of the Lord from the godless Canniest. She was brave and steadfast, even in battle. Is it any wonder, then, in verses 8-10 that as Deborah shared with Bark the battle plan and the command to Go he insisted he would not go unless she went with him? Her story is truly a lesson f God conferring success upon those who allow themselves to be led by Him; giving Him all the credit. Deborah took action and led the leaders at a critical time, but with humility, a servants heart and great love and confidence in the Lord. We can learn from Deborah leadership style by putting aside any personal agenda, listening for Gods clear direction, and letting others know who is really running the show. She could have given herself a nice little pat on the back, but she knew the boundaries of the Lord. While Bark was the general and a leader in his own right, she was infinite enough that she could lead him when the need arose. Leaders always rise to the top in crisis. Leaders will even lead leaders, if the outcome demands it. She victory and ultimately she led him into battle 4:14-for this is the day which the Lord delivered Easier into your hand. Has not the Lord gone out before you? A modern day Deborah, Margaret Thatcher, once quipped In politics, if you want anything, as a man. If you want anything done, ask a woman. Her daring leadership brought the victory to a downtrodden people and brought peace for decades. So confident were hey in her courage to lead in the face of fierce enemies and her passion for God that they were willing to fight for the cause no matter the number or odds against them. She stood firm in a time of fear. She even took the helm in luring the enemy into the hands of her soldiers. So sure was she in Lords promise of ordained victory that even the fact she was living and Judging in a patriarchal society, where men seemed to dominate everything around her, did not sway or hinder her in leading men into the battle. Deborah demonstrated wisdom by standing for Godly wisdom in a time of escalating deadliness, fraught with humanism and polytheism; when every man did what was right in his own eyes. Her wise influence is evidenced in that all of Israel CAME to her for counsel, Judgment and advice on matters great and small. Deborah offered Godly counsel. Surely, she was seen as a person who was a thinker and equitable judge; dispensing individual Judgment, she prudently led people back to the truth and to God. Deborah used her tongue to speak Gods truth and encouragement to free themselves from oppression, verse 6. Verse 14 recounts her shouts of encouragement Does not the Lord go out before you? Her later song (5:31) recalling the supernatural victory says that her love for God is like the sun, when it comes in full strength. She wise to understand that positive words of victory were like a 812 shot to the troops as they faced the enemy, verse 14; she lifted their spirits to fight and secure the win Israels God has promised them. Oh, that there were men and women of wisdom like Deborah in our modern age; people who would challenge the people of God to restore their loyalties and fidelitys to God. But, sadly, wise leaders are very rare. Deborah also understood her leadership role in history it was only by he grace of God and the obedience of the people to submit to God, 5:2. Though she was the conduit to deliver the message of victory, she did not manipulate, she did not manhandle or demean those she led. She led with the knowledge that she held a place in history only by the choice and blessing of God. She did not dilute the message by sending the Israeli UN to negotiate she knew the will of God for the people of the Lord. This knowledge brought confidence and an unshakable perseverance to convince Israel that the battle was the Lords, if they would but submit to His will. The adversary, the adversity, the position as a woman in a mans world, prosperity, and flattery none could sway her because she knew this was of the Lord. Deborah, because of strength of character and love for God and His word, gave herself completely to the call, God made her capable for the task and she exuded the confidence to get the Job done. Deborah had placed a love for Gods people deep in her being. Her heart, she said in 5:9, was with the rulers. As one version puts it, her heart was with the willing volunteers among the people Her acute and instinctive sense of discernment told he could see the impact of this waywardness on her own family and the families of her community. She did not argue with God over that fact for she had sat in the gate of Judgment and knew the people were selfish and defying God. She was a prophetess, Gods hand was on her, and her heart was for the people. Though human nature often demands that we take our due, take a bow, get the recognition Deborah refused to proclaim her good deeds, but rather the goodness of the Lord in the battle won. She gives God praise, in chapter 5 and verse will sing to the Lord; I will sing praise to the Lord God of Israel. She also praised the leaders and that faithful destroyer, Jail, who sealed the deal and killed the wicked Canniest king, Easier calling her most blessed of tent-dwelling women Judges 5:24). Deborah had seen as she Judged she had seen the selfish, self-centered, self-seeking Israelites demand their own way. It did not look good on them and would not look good on her. Deborah was wise to make it clear who sat as the definitive commander in chief: The Lord, the God of Israel, commands you, Judges 4:6) and who would gain the praise, Judges 5:3). The life she lived should spur us on. It is a pattern to allow for leaders: Deborah life challenges us in several ways. To seek the wisdom of the Lord as we lead, to retain humility as we lead, to be available to those we lead, give credit to those to whom it is due, be courageous, stand strong in the Lord and in His love and have confidence that this is what he has ordained for you. There is no limit to what can be done when we let Him lead and give Him all the credit when His plan works out. Deborah convened her court under a palm tree over three millennia ago. The Song of Deborah is one of the oldest of these missives in song recorded in he Bible. It states that the stars strayed from their courses and the river washed Sierras armies away in a massive flood. All the Army of Easier fell by the sword; no one was left. Deborah delivered defeat with total destruction. Because of her persistence, because of her presence, because of this utter destruction, peace prevailed. From the first word to the last punctuation, God ordained this woman to lead. She could not and did not deny her giftedness as a leader. Her word for today is her word found in Judges 5:21 March on, my soul; be strong!

Cause and Effect ESSAY

Someone might get jealous because another person has more money then him or her. Material objects are something that everyone wants to have in life and when one has more than another, seeking revenge can be a way to show jealousy. Having great success over another can be a reason why one seeks revenge. When someone is seen and known because of their successes in life, it is natural to feel jealous of that person. Some people may go to the extreme of seeking revenge on those who have greater success because they are jealous of what they don’t have, or are unable to succeed. Seeing that someone has a successful marriage life may also be a reason why one feels the need to seek revenge. Everyone aspires to have a successful marriage in life and many people get jealous of those who have that. This may be a reason why they feel the need to seek revenge. Alongside jealousy, self-satisfaction is another reason why an individual CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY2 may seek revenge. The feeling of having done something to another may feel good and satisfying to some. Having sought revenge on someone makes the revenger feel good. It may make them feel like they have the upper hand in the situation. The revenger may also feel like they have done the right thing making them feel good about it. Depending on how severe the revenge is, one may think its okay and that can make them feel satisfied. Having satisfaction of finally ending something that may have been ongoing for some time may also make the revenger feel good. Settling something between two people may be a reason why one would feel good about going after revenge. Pay back can also be a reason for seeking vengeance. Someone may feel the need to get even with another due to the fact that he or she has taken something from the revenger. When something is taken from another person, one may feel the need to seek pay back toward that individual. Pay back can also occur due to the fact that an opportunity is taken away from someone and they feel that it should have been given to them. Many people loose important job positions to other people. This can result in the revenger feeling the need to get even with the person who is given the opportunity. Jealousy, payback and satisfaction are all reason why someone would seek revenge. Getting back at someone for taking something from you, or feeling good CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY 3 about getting back at someone, are all reasons why people in todays society seek revenge. There is good revenge and bad revenge and either one may result in broken hearts, lifelong distress, and lost dreams. Cause and Effect Essay Always negative thinking B. Be pessimistical C. Depressed II. Have many problems A. Tend to be alone B. No interaction with other C. Hate the society III. Dissapointed A. Broken heart B. Lost hopes C. Commit suicide ESSAY SOME BAD EFFECTS TOO SERIOUS TO FACE THIS LIFE Stress is a mentally or emotionally bad condition occuring because of difficult pressures. Many people especially who lived in a big city suffer everyday from stress and its effects. Day to day the amount of people that feel stress increase significantly, perhaps its because the condition that getting worst. However, too serious to face this life which is being stress has some bad effects especially effects to psycholigical condition. The first psychological effect of being stress is can not feel relax. The people who feel stress will always feel uncomfort with anything in their life. They will feel nerveous with no obvious reason. Second is they will feel have many problems. It happens because they always negative thinking so that everything that they do will seem so hard. The third is they will dissaponted. They will feel that their life is over because too many failure. It happens because they always be pessimistical. So stress can give so many bad effects for the people who feel it. Besides those psychological effects, stress also causes another psychological effects. One of the effect is the development of feel have many problems. They also tend to be alone, have no interaction with other and the worst effect is they will hate society. They tend to be alone because they feel there is no benefit of sharing to other and it makes them do not want to have an interaction with other. As a result they will hate the society. Another effect that related to the effect of dissapointed are they will feel broken heart, lost their hopes and commit suicide. They feel broken heart because too many failure happen in their life, its also make them lost their hopes. Finally, because of those bad effects they will commit suicide. It is so ironic. In short, stress make some bad effects in our life like always feel uncomfort with anything, have many problems in their life and feel dissapointed with the condition. So we can manage our stress with not do the things like those what i mentioned in the beggining, its helpfull to avoiding stress. Color information: = general statement = thesis statement = transitional words = topic sentence = conclusion Cause and Effect ESSAY Someone might get jealous because another person has more money then him or her. Material objects are something that everyone wants to have in life and when one has more than another, seeking revenge can be a way to show jealousy. Having great success over another can be a reason why one seeks revenge. When someone is seen and known because of their successes in life, it is natural to feel jealous of that person. Some people may go to the extreme of seeking revenge on those who have greater success because they are jealous of what they don’t have, or are unable to succeed. Seeing that someone has a successful marriage life may also be a reason why one feels the need to seek revenge. Everyone aspires to have a successful marriage in life and many people get jealous of those who have that. This may be a reason why they feel the need to seek revenge. Alongside jealousy, self-satisfaction is another reason why an individual CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY2 may seek revenge. The feeling of having done something to another may feel good and satisfying to some. Having sought revenge on someone makes the revenger feel good. It may make them feel like they have the upper hand in the situation. The revenger may also feel like they have done the right thing making them feel good about it. Depending on how severe the revenge is, one may think its okay and that can make them feel satisfied. Having satisfaction of finally ending something that may have been ongoing for some time may also make the revenger feel good. Settling something between two people may be a reason why one would feel good about going after revenge. Pay back can also be a reason for seeking vengeance. Someone may feel the need to get even with another due to the fact that he or she has taken something from the revenger. When something is taken from another person, one may feel the need to seek pay back toward that individual. Pay back can also occur due to the fact that an opportunity is taken away from someone and they feel that it should have been given to them. Many people loose important job positions to other people. This can result in the revenger feeling the need to get even with the person who is given the opportunity. Jealousy, payback and satisfaction are all reason why someone would seek revenge. Getting back at someone for taking something from you, or feeling good CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY 3 about getting back at someone, are all reasons why people in todays society seek revenge. There is good revenge and bad revenge and either one may result in broken hearts, lifelong distress, and lost dreams. Cause and Effect Essay Always negative thinking B. Be pessimistical C. Depressed II. Have many problems A. Tend to be alone B. No interaction with other C. Hate the society III. Dissapointed A. Broken heart B. Lost hopes C. Commit suicide ESSAY SOME BAD EFFECTS TOO SERIOUS TO FACE THIS LIFE Stress is a mentally or emotionally bad condition occuring because of difficult pressures. Many people especially who lived in a big city suffer everyday from stress and its effects. Day to day the amount of people that feel stress increase significantly, perhaps its because the condition that getting worst. However, too serious to face this life which is being stress has some bad effects especially effects to psycholigical condition. The first psychological effect of being stress is can not feel relax. The people who feel stress will always feel uncomfort with anything in their life. They will feel nerveous with no obvious reason. Second is they will feel have many problems. It happens because they always negative thinking so that everything that they do will seem so hard. The third is they will dissaponted. They will feel that their life is over because too many failure. It happens because they always be pessimistical. So stress can give so many bad effects for the people who feel it. Besides those psychological effects, stress also causes another psychological effects. One of the effect is the development of feel have many problems. They also tend to be alone, have no interaction with other and the worst effect is they will hate society. They tend to be alone because they feel there is no benefit of sharing to other and it makes them do not want to have an interaction with other. As a result they will hate the society. Another effect that related to the effect of dissapointed are they will feel broken heart, lost their hopes and commit suicide. They feel broken heart because too many failure happen in their life, its also make them lost their hopes. Finally, because of those bad effects they will commit suicide. It is so ironic. In short, stress make some bad effects in our life like always feel uncomfort with anything, have many problems in their life and feel dissapointed with the condition. So we can manage our stress with not do the things like those what i mentioned in the beggining, its helpfull to avoiding stress. Color information: = general statement = thesis statement = transitional words = topic sentence = conclusion

Embraer Company(Brazil Company) BRICS, Why should invest Essay

Embraer Company(Brazil Company) BRICS, Why should invest - Essay Example Different investment appraisal techniques would be applied on the forecasted financial statements of the company and then the company would be evaluated for the purpose of investment. Some of the investment appraisal techniques that have been used to analyse the company’s performance are: Net present value of the future cash flows, internal rate of return, Benefit to cost ratio, Profitability Index, and average accounting rate of return. These techniques have been used to analyse whether the company is a good option to invest or not. The expected net income has been discounted with the estimated growth of the company. Expected growth has been calculated from the growth the company achieved from its sales of last complete year i.e. sales of year 2010 and sales of year 2011 have been used to calculate the estimated growth. It has been found from the financials of the company that the company has been making an investment every year. The investment made by the company has been varying since 2007 and therefore average of the investment of the company has been taken and the same amount or the average amount has been assumed to occur in the years to come. The average investment made by the company is found to be $376.33 million (Embraer d, 2012). As the net present value of the future cash flows is positive therefore according to the NPV, one should invest in the company. However, NPV is not very high but even positive NPV investment opportunity is worth investing as it would have a higher return in future. Internal rate of return is rate of return where the future value of the cash flows is equal to 0. Internal rate of return of future cash flows is 82.37% and this is the rate where the future cash flows after being discounted are showing an NPV of 0 (Gitman, 2003). As the value of IRR is 82.37% which is more than the growth